राज्यसेवा पूर्व परीक्षा २०१८ - Paper 2

Read the following passage and answer the questions from 21 to 25 :
Acid Rain

             Normally rainwater has a pH of 5-6 due to the presence of HR ions formed by the reaction of rainwater with CO, present in the atmosphere.

          When the pH of the rain drops below 5-6 it is called acid rain. Acid rain is a by-product of a variety of human activities that emit the oxides of S and N in the atmosphere. Burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil in power stations and furnaces or petrol and diesel in motor engines produce SO2 and NO, after oxidation and their reaction with H20 are major contributors to acid rain. Acid rain is harmful for agriculture, trees and plants as it dissolves and washes away nutrients needed for their growth. It causes respiratory ailments in human beings and animals. It affects the aquatic ecosystem. It corrodes water pipes resulting in the leaching of heavy metals such as Fe, Pb and Cu into the drinking water. Acid water damages buildings and other structures made up of stone or metal. The Taj Mahal in India has been affected by acid rain.

Read the following passage and answer the questions from 26 to 30:
               Arun Tiwari, requested me to share my reminiscences with him, so that he could record them. He was someone who had been working in my laboratory since 1982, but I had never really known him well until the February of 1987 when I visited him at the Intensive Coronary Care Unit of the Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences in Hyderabad. He was a mere 32-year-old, but was fighting valiantly for his life. I asked him if there was anything he wanted me to do for him. "Give me your blessings, Sir,” he said, “so that I may have a longer life and can complete at least one of your projects."
The young man's dedication moved me and I prayed for his recovery all night. The Lord answered my prayers and Tiwari was able to get back to work in a month. He did an excellent job in helping to realize the Akash missile airframe from scratch within the short space of three years. He then took up the task of chronicling my story. Over the last year, he patiently transcribed the bits and pieces of my story and converted them into a fluent narrative. He also went through my personal library meticulously and selected from among the pieces of poetry those I had marked while reading, and included them in the text.
             This story is an account, I hope, not just of my personal triumphs and tribulations but of the successes and setbacks of the science establishment in modern India, struggling to establish itself in the technological forefront. It is the story of national aspiration and of co-operative endeavour. And, as I see it, the saga of India's search for scientific self-sufficiency and technological competence is a parable for our times.
             Each individual creature on this beautiful planet is created by God to fulfil a particular role. Whatever I have achieved in life is through His help, and an expression of His will. He showered His grace on me through some outstanding teachers and colleagues, and when I pay my tributes to these fine persons, I am merely praising His glory. All these rockets and missiles are His work through a small person called APJ Abdul Kalam.

Read the following passage and answer the questions from 31 to 35 :
          To help the farmers, the Agricultural Adjustment Act provided for curtailment of farm output to get rid of the surplus that was depressing prices. Farmers were paid not to raise grain and livestock, fields were left idle and excess produce was destroyed. Considerable criticism was levied against this policy. Millions of people throughout the United States and the world needed food that they could not pay for, and as yet no way of giving it to them was politically feasible.
                     The government embarked on an ambitious project in the Tennessee River Valley, an area embracing 6,40,000 square miles in the heart of the South, During World War I it had built a dam and ammunition factories at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, which it had tried unsuccessfully to sell when peace came. Now, in 1933, it created the Tennessee Valley Authority, an independent government agency, to put these facilities to work producing fertilizer and electric power. Moreover, the TVA went on to build many additional dams and power plants to improve the region. Cheap electricity was made available; floods that had ravaged the Valley and hindered its development were halted; farm experts were sent to show the people how to conserve their land and achieve greater production. Within a few years, what had once been a backward area was a land of humming industries and prosperous farms.
              Looking to the future, the New Deal passed the Social Security Act to protect the people against many of the common forms of distress. The program, which has continued to the present time, includes unemployment insurance for workers, old age pensions, aid to dependent children and benefits to the needy. Federal funds, distributed and admimistered by the States contribute to much of this security system, which is supported in part by workers, employers and State and local governments.

Read the following passage and answer the questions from 36 to 40 :
World Distribution of Human Race
All members of a racial group, though each one of us has one head, two arms, two legs, two eyes, two ears and so on, each one presents a different appearance.
A scientific classification of races should be based on measurable physical features that are inherited from ancestors. The features considered important for classification of races include - colour of skin, stature, shape of the hend, face, rupse, eyes, type of hair, etc.

Skin Colour -Skin colour makes the most apparent difference between people belonging to different races. On the basis of skin colour, the people of the world are classified as White, Black and Yellow. White-skinned people are found in North America, black in Africa and yellow in China, Japan and Mongolia.
Stature -Stature being an easily measurable character can be used as one of the bases for classification of human population. Human population on the basis of stature is divided into the group of short, medium and tall people. Generally people in Europe and North America are tallest and Mongoloid people are the shortest.

Shape of the Head — Like stature, the shape of the head is a measurable parameter. Long headed people are found in Europe and North America, while medium to small headed people are found in Africa and Asia.

Shape of the Nose -- Width and height of nose is also an important criterion for identification of various races. People with long and narrow noses are found in European countries while the Africans are classified as people with broad noses. The Kajji of the Niger Delta in West Africa are the people with the broadest noses among the Negroes while the Swedes have the narrowest nostrils.

Shape of the Face - The facial appearance of a person is also considered an indicator of his race. The face may be long or broad. It is generally observed that the faces of the Mongoloid, Chinese and Polish people are broader while Scandinavians or the Nordic have relatively narrower faces.

Eyes -- Colour and form of eyes is an indicator of certain racial groups. People are classified on the basis of the colour of the eyes as dark-eyed, gray-eyed, or blue-eyed people. Dark-eyed people are found in Africa, Gray-eyed in Mongolia, China and Japan and Blue-eyed in North America and Europe.

Hair Form and Colour - Form and colour of hair vary from race to race. On the basis of the form the hair can be classified as straight long hair or short wooly hair and wavy hair. The Caucasoid people have wavy hair, the Negroid have wooly hair and Mongoloid have straight hair.